Technology's Impact on Teens' Mental Health in Lebanon
Introduction
Since the beginning of the 21st century, technology has both invaded and reconfigured our lives. In fact, every aspect of our lives has sped up and is therefore changing faster. These rapid mutations are affecting people’s mental health and causing psychological disturbances. Specifically, teens are mainly affected by this issue because they are close to technology (smartphones and computers). In Lebanon, a country in the process of adopting technology, the number of affected adolescents is increasing because they are still new to the rapid lifestyle and are unaware of its effects on mental health. So, the speed of change, resulting from technology, has triggered the increase of mental illnesses that are unnoticeably affecting teens’ lives in many ways. Awareness and recognition of this issue must be spread in Lebanon in order to deal with it.The Speed of Change in Our Lives
Evolutionary Psychology
Technology is today’s most evident
manifestation of progress. As progress requires adaptation, we must adjust to
technology. This is a challenge because, as a matter of fact, “the way we adapt
is traceable to problems early humans faced in adapting to their environment”
(King, 2017, p. 13) - i.e., problems that are all very different from those
presented by technology. This is why we may find it difficult to adjust to the
rapid rhythm of our computer processors; for example, the speed of change of
posts while scrolling down a Facebook feed is known to cause problems to many
of us (e.g., shortened attention span), because early humans never switched
between ideas that fast. A yet simpler example is that of chat notifications:
our brains respond to them as if they were urgent; however, early humans did
not hear urgent calls as often as we hear those notification sounds
(Weinschenk, 2012). We are as well connected to more people than ever via
social media, whereas our ancestors (and even our parents) only talked to
people they physically met. We want our brains to provide us with more social
skills and flexibility than ever, and, while such an evolution can occur, it
demands no less than a million of years (Raven et al, 2017); so, in a time when
progress outpaces evolution, adaptation problems become abundant. This
evolutionary approach is adopted in this report.
Globalization
The Change of Our Lifestyle
With the interconnection of the world,
our lifestyle has completely changed and has mostly become faster. Nowadays,
most aspects of our lives are constantly undergoing a rapid mutation, which
results from the invasion of technology. Teens are the part of the population
that is mostly affected by these changes, since they are very “close” to the
progress of technology. In fact, their passion is to stay updated and to follow
the development of their generation. One aspect of the speed of their lifestyle
is the “press of buttons”. By adopting technology’s changes, most of the
interactions of teens with the outside world are done virtually and in the
blink of an eye. For example, when considering an online assignment, as soon as
the student clicks on “submit”, his homework is sent in seconds and can’t be
retouched; therefore, he must be careful about not forgetting any additional
edit.
Our lives are sped up, and time flies;
so, it is precious and that creates a pressure for teens. Their irreversible
actions’ consequences are quickly revealed; so, they should think very
carefully before acting because they won’t have the chance to undo them. Going
back to the assignment example, the teen must finish their work on time while
taking time to think about it. This is not to say that deadlines didn’t exist before
or that technology “created” them; rather, technology increased and tightened
them, so that they are no longer counted in days, but in hours and seconds.
Getting used to rapid and delicate transactions affect teens’ mental health
since they are source of stress, anxiety and depression.
As previously mentioned, teens must
“think” more. Actually, our society nowadays is marching towards an
intellectual path rather than a physical or concrete one. Since we mostly use
our minds to interact with the world, we are often dealing with complex
situations that challenge our competences, personality or privacy. More
involving our minds in daily tasks means exposing them to more problems; this
explains why mental illnesses are becoming more frequent.
So, technology has surely changed our
lives, but this doesn’t mean that every interaction with it will render us
mentally ill. Rather, the speed of change has made us more susceptible to
contract these complications. Specifically, this issue is becoming more
relevant in Lebanon.
The Manifestation of the Issue in Lebanon
Lebanon, A Transit for Cultures
Lebanon is a special country where
various cultures and ethnic groups are present. In fact, Fearon acknowledges
that the “ethnic fractionalization” in Lebanon is 0.78 while the “cultural
fractionalization” is 0.195 (2003, p. 217). This shows that the country is both
divided by sects (based on religions or origins) and cultures. As already
stated, with globalization, the world is connected and there are many exchanges
of ideas and cultures; every country is aware of another one’s principles.
Since Lebanon is already a mixture of cultures, it has somehow a ‘local
globalization’. With this cultural dialogue, Lebanese teens are living along
globalization; in other words, they ‘face’ several cultures that are constantly
changing and must adapt to them. For instance, through communications
technology, they are exposed to more ideologies that oppose their traditions;
so, their minds are challenged to find the appropriate ‘resolution’ of these
contradictions which may be stressful. For example, French values like liberty
and equality are sometimes in conflict with the restrictions imposed by Arab
traditions like patriotism.
Lack of Awareness
Another facet of the mental health problem
in Lebanon is the lack of awareness of mental illnesses. They are present among
teens. According to a study done in Lebanon in 2012 among 510 adolescents
(11-17 years), “[a]bout one in four adolescents (26.1 %) were diagnosed with at
least one psychiatric disorder” and 13.1% “had anxiety disorders” (Maalouf et
al, 2016, p.1108). What is surprising is that, according to the authors, only
6% of those who were diagnosed “sought treatment for their symptoms” (2016,
p.1108). As Sanaa Mugharbil, a representative of Embrace, affirmed, “many
people with a mental illness in Lebanon don’t seek treatment” (personal
interview, 2017); she also states that the main reason for that is the lack of
awareness of mental illnesses in the country (whether their symptoms or
consequences). Since “[o]ne in 4 Lebanese will suffer from mental illness[es]
sometime during his or her lifetime” (Embrace, 2017), every teen is exposed to them
and must recognize them.
On the other hand, psychological
issues in Lebanon are more relevant because of the increase of technology
adoption. Developing nations like Lebanon are advancing like developed nations;
Rainie and Poushter admit that these nations are “catching up to U.S. on
technology adoption” (2013, p. 1). Moreover, they add that in comparison with a
55% smartphone adoption in the U.S., 45% of Lebanese adults own one (2013, p.
2). Unfortunately, the use technology (smartphones, computers) increases the
risk of having psychological issues (depression, mood disorders) (Mugharbil,
personal interview, 2017). Therefore, the recent increase of technology
adoption in Lebanon is engendering more mental illnesses, which is why its
citizen must become aware of the exposure to psychological issues.
So, the mental health issue caused by
the speed of change is present in Lebanon and is affecting a good portion of
teens.
Impacts on Teens’ Lives
Embrace claims that “[t]he most
prevalent mental disorders in Lebanon are anxiety and mood disorders” (2017).
Because of the speed of change, these disorders have increased and are creating
consequences on teens’ lives in different levels.
School
Anxiety has some negative effects on
academic performance. On one hand, because of a rapid lifestyle and the use of
smartphones, teens may become tired more often and have some “difficulty in
concentrating” in class (Embrace, 2017). On the other hand, because of the many
complex situations their minds deal with every day when interacting with
technology, adolescents might either find problem solving difficult or “be
perfectionists and become upset if their work is not perfect” (Embrace, 2017).
In both cases, they find issues in taking decisions, which causes them, as
Embrace mentions, to “be afraid of taking exams, or speaking in front of a
class” (2017). In this extreme situation, anxious teens would find school to be
a repulsive place instead of a beneficial one. Also, the AACAP confirms that
the stress caused by frustrations at school and the time spent on screens
causes teens to become “overloaded” and unable to adequately manage situations
(2013, p. 1); this may aggravate their mental health and provoke more anxiety.
Relations with Others
Technology can affect teenagers’
relations with others. According to Clifford Nass, professor of communication
at Stanford University, spending too much time online can “lower self-esteem”
and induce “difficulty [in] socializing” because, unlike “face-to-face” communication,
social media doesn’t require “crucial skills in emotional recognition” (Soltan,
2016). Indeed, 17.1% of a sample of teenagers in Beirut were found to suffer
from emotional disorders in a study done by Maalouf et al (2016), who attribute
this number to several problems, including bullying/cyberbullying; psychologist
Larry Rosen warns that excessive social media consumption can increase exposure
to cyberbullying and, consequently, the risk of social phobia (Trageser et al,
2012). He explains we monitor ourselves less when online than in real life,
hence the heartless posting; as a result, victims of cyberbullying keep in mind
bad memories of social interactions and develop a fear of investing in
relations with others (i.e., social phobia). Furthermore, the disorder of
“grandiose exhibitionism”/narcissism was linked to the “use of Facebook for
self-promoting activities” like posting “selfies” or updating one’s status or
profile (Carpenter, 2011). Carpenter found a link between “anti-social Facebook
behavior” (e.g., replying to unpleasant comments, expecting more online support
than one gives, and even [getting angry if one doesn’t receive comments on a
post]) and “entitlement/exploitativeness”: social media encourages individuals
to think and talk more about themselves, inviting those with a tendency for
certain mental problems to fall deep in them. Indeed, higher rates of
psychopathy correlate with internet trolling: narcissists and machiavellians
are the typical cyberbullies, and social media is a new, easier way for them to
find and follow victims according to their online profiles, that show success
or popularity (Whitbourne, 2017).
Personal Scale
Finally, technology can affect
teenagers on a personal scale, causing them to suffer from what Rosen calls
iDisorders: “An iDisorder is where you exhibit signs and symptoms of a
psychiatric disorder such as OCD, narcissism, addiction or even ADHD, which are
manifested through your use - or overuse - of technology” (Trageser et al,
2012). 'Victims’ range between being desperate for constant entertainment and
suffering from a serious mental illness. As Soltan reported, “viewers tend to
abandon online videos if they take more than 2 seconds to load” (6.7 million
users surveyed by Amherst) and “[m]ost users stay on a single web page long
enough to read only 20% of the text on that page” (Nielsen Norman Group, 2011).
This is why Soltan associated technology use to a lack of patience.
Furthermore, other teenagers may suffer from depression / mood disorders (with
a frequency of 6.7% of the sample studied by Maalouf et al in 2016) because of
the simple “exposure to artificial light” that can “throw off our circadian
rhythms” (Soltan, 2016). Depression is a serious disorder that can lead to
suicide in certain cases. OCD can be very prevalent among teenagers who cannot
go out without their phones and keep checking if they are in their pockets
(Rosen, cited by Trageser et al, 2012). It is even believed by some
psychologists that technology has given birth to a new disorder: the Computer
Addiction Disorder, or Internet Addiction Disorder, that “can affect people of
any gender, age and socioeconomic status” through the use of “[c]hat rooms”,
“Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games”, “e-mail”, “instant
messaging” and “networking sites”, because these platforms involve social
interactions that “may help a person fulfill unmet real life social needs and
thereby reinforce prolonged Internet use” (Jaffe, 2010).
The Key to Solving the Issue: Raising Awareness
The most appropriate way to resolve
the mental health problem in Lebanon is by raising awareness about it, so that
teens would be familiar with the problem and aware of the various ways to treat
themselves. Awareness should be raised among teens, parents and educators. For
each category, specific information would be transmitted to the concerned
people.
Target Audiences and Feasibility in Lebanon
According to Felt et al (2016),
parents should start preventing Internet addiction and other technology-related
problems from harming their teenagers during early childhood, when technology
is first introduced to them. Citing Samuel (2015), Felt et al argue that
parents must be moderate when it comes to authority, classifying them in three
categories: “limiters” (i.e., highly authoritarian parents who forbid their
children from using technology whenever possible), “enablers” (parents who show
a neglectful attitude and do not interfere with their children’s screen
moments) and “mentors” (parents who “[engage] in ‘guiding their kids onto the
Internet’” and whose strategy proved to be the most efficient). Note that the
worst scenario is that of the children of “limiters” engaging in anti-social
behaviour on social media and a form of cyberbullying (“impersonating others
online”), both of which we have demonstrated the link with social problems
earlier. Thus, as much as technology has the potential to socially harm our
teenagers, parents’ attitude to it determines the results as a key factor. This
can be generalised to non-social problems. For those who want to be mentors,
some programs and technologies can limit teenagers’ access to certain websites
or to the Internet at a time of the day (Felt et al, 2016). Felt et al (2016)
added that parents must be good models for their children and that they should
seek professional help if they notice significant problems.
As for educators, the research
brief suggests they include media literacy in their programs to help teenagers
think critically when they are online, for a safer and more productive use of
technology. It adds teachers can use “connected learning (Ito et al., 2013),
participatory learning (Reilly, Vartabedian, Felt, & Jenkins, 2012), or
game-based learning (Tekinba, Torres, Wolozin, Rufo-Tepper, & Shapiro,
2010)” to increase pro-social behaviour among their students. It is as well
advised to [prohibit texting and encourage responsible laptop use in the
classroom] in the research brief. Sessions on technology education and
workshops can be offered to educators in order to improve their knowledge of
the subject; programs can be provided by “Common Sense Media, the National
Association for Media Literacy Education, Media Education Lab, Center for Media
Literacy, and Project LookSharp” (Felt et al, 2016). This lesson plan can be
used in Lebanon to educate teenagers about the Internet as a media platform
that should be dealt with like any other one; it is not more than a new form of
communication that should not terrify them if they stay alert and apply their
critical thinking skills when surfing the web (Media Education Lab, 2017).
Note that, in Lebanon, it is
relatively difficult to engage media makers and researchers in protecting
teens’ mental health (there is no research on technology’s effect on teenagers’
mental health in Lebanon - Mugharbil, personal interview, 2017); hence, their
role won’t be discussed despite its importance.
Good Habits and Intrapersonal Intelligence
Fighting mental illnesses caused
by technology can start on an individual scale by simply starting some healthy
habits. A useful one is taking “tech breaks” (Soltan, 2016, para. 1); by that,
Soltan doesn’t mean to stop using our devices or locking them away. Instead,
she suggests that we pause our tech activities occasionally and walk a bit (whether
in the room or outside). This would kill the long passive sittings in front of
a screen (often done when doing school researches) and replace them by
healthier partitioned ones. Furthermore, Soltan acknowledges that examining our
“motivations” might help solve the problem (2016, para. 2); she states that
teens should reconsider the motives of their posts on social medias (whether
they are relevant to their goal) and try reducing the unnecessary ones. This
would strengthen their relations with others and reduce mental issues caused by
harassment.
Another great habit to start is
organizing our work; since teens are increasingly adopting a rapid lifestyle
with tighter deadlines because of technology, they would easily deal with them
by simply organizing their work. Distributing it, planning it and setting
timetables would help fight the stress caused by these rapid activities and
hence reduce mental health issues. For example, if a student has multiple
assignments due in a week, a good way to reduce the workload and the stress of
their close deadlines would be to write in an agenda the tasks to be done; the
teen would arrange these tasks in priority and distribute them equally. This
organization would prevent the superposition of multiple dues and their accumulation,
and help the teens adapt to the fast world of technology.
Good habits are easy to
maintain; however, it can be hard to adopt them in the first place if one
doesn’t understand oneself - that is, if one lacks intrapersonal intelligence
(King et al, 2017, p. 273). Teens can improve themselves with self-regulation;
in other words, they might benefit from regularly asking themselves whether
they could have dealt with technology in a different way on a certain instance
- for example: “Could I have retained more formulas if I hadn’t listened to
music while studying?” (Felt et al, 2016). Then, they can draw conclusions
about how their brains function best after trying different uses of technology.
(“It turned out that I remember more information when I eliminate distractions
while studying!”) Lastly, they set rules based on their conclusions and apply
self-discipline. (“I will not listen to music while studying anymore.”)
Moreover, self-regulation induces more self-regulation (Baumeister et al, 2006;
cited in Felt et al, 2016, p. 27), so the key to good habits is starting to
self regulate. Note that the best way to start self-regulating is by balancing
one’s life, a process that “doesn’t necessarily mean reducing media use [, but]
respecting quality of life, both online and offline” and results in pro-social
behavior (Felt et al, 2016, p. 27). Balance means exploring enriching content
on one’s screen, rather than consuming pixels that simulate a game…
Misconceptions and Myths
In Lebanon, the common factor
that is aggravating the mental health issues is their misconceptions. The first
one is pretending that “mental health problems don’t affect me” (HHS, 2013).
This false affirmation pushes some teens to label themselves as immune to them;
therefore, they would think that mental illnesses don’t concern them and
wouldn’t seek information on them (symptoms or treatments). In fact, as Embrace
mentions, psychological issues are becoming very common in Lebanon and anybody
may be exposed to them (2017). In other words, every teen should be aware of
the impact of technology on mental health and be prepared to face it (knowing
the appropriate treatments). Furthermore, there is a misconception that watching
a movie about mental illness (depression, self-harm) would “trigger the person
to do that”, so they are avoided (Mugharbil, personal interview, 2017). This
causes people to be repulsive toward the subject of mental illnesses and to
refuse learning more about it.
Embrace also emphasizes on a
critical myth that mentally ill people may never recover, which is false; as the
NGO mentions, those people can get better and reduce their symptoms with the proper
help. Although some mental illnesses may not be completely treated, minimizing
the symptoms (which is possible) allows the person to get back to a productive
life (Embrace, 2017). When these misconceptions are erased from the teens’
minds, they will start researching more about mental health and technology’s
impact on it, since they will be aware of its seriousness and the exposition to
mental illnesses. By raising awareness, those myths would be removed from their
heads, which is one step closer to solving the issue.
Positivity
Even when equipped with all the
knowledge of the world, people cannot solve a problem if they are not positive.
According to the theory of planned behavior, in order for an individual to make
successful life changes, he/she must “hold positive attitudes about [their] new
behavior” and perceive control over the outcome (King, 2017, page 561). For the
second condition to be fulfilled, the individual should know relapse, “a return
to formal unhealthy patterns” (King), is a normal, very common phenomenon,
although people may think it is not. King explains the majority of individuals
who made successful changes to their lives underwent relapse many times, and
that it helped them learn from their mistakes.
An example of a positive
attitude King gives is the active use of Facebook (2017, p. 7), i.e., the
“[engagement] in exchanges that invite interactions with others”, like status
updates and comments. She opposes it to passive Facebook use, or the scrolling
through one’s feed or a friend’s profile without interacting, that “[frosters]
feelings of envy, inferiority, shame and anxiety” because people only post
enviable aspects of their lives on social media. The conclusion is that we
should adopt a positive attitude and actively engage with others on social
media by posting from time to time, instead of refraining from sharing our
lives and forgetting how enjoyable they are.
Fighting Mental Illnesses with Technology
As mentioned so far, there are
many ways to deal with mental illnesses caused by technology. How about using
technology to treat them? Although technology has been the source of the
problem, it should be noted that it can ironically be its solution. According
to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), mobile applications can
provide mental health support for patients (2017); some apps enhance memory or
thinking skills, while others let the user connect to a health care
professional (NIMH, 2017). The Institute clarifies that these apps help track
the patient’s symptoms by using the device sensors (to detect behavior
patterns), which is more effective than a typical clinical diagnosis because
data is collected in a larger scale. Also, some “skill-training apps” educate
the user about “anxiety management” and useful thinking skills that help treat
psychological issues (NIMH, 2017). Since smartphones are widely available among
teenagers, mobile mental health support is a great solution, that can be
applied in Lebanon.
Some apps also include “virtual
coaches” that eliminate the need of a doctor connected with the patient (that
may not be available in Lebanon) (Luxton et al, 2011, p. 506). Luxton et al
mention a list of these apps, and among them is the “Moodpath: Depression &
Anxiety” app available for iPhone, which finds out whether you show symptoms of
depression and improves your well-being (2011, p. 507). Also, an effective way
to treat mental illnesses (like depression) that may be caused by technology is
to access e-counseling sites; these platforms provide online therapy sessions
that are very effective in treating technology related mental illnesses.
Through discussions and activities, mentally ill teens would easily get over
their sicknesses. A great example of these websites is BetterHelp, which has
over 1500 therapists available and is known for its success (betterhelp, 2017).
It can be accessed using the link: betterhelp.com. Therefore,
smartphones play an important role in treating mental illnesses, and teens
should be aware that these “personal treatments” are available for them.
How to Seek Help
For a teen to realize that a
mental illness is affecting their life, he or she must be aware of its
symptoms. One way for them to be familiar with them would be personal
researches on the internet. On the other hand, brochures are very effective in
sharing this type of information; as shown in Figure 1, teen targeted brochures
would spread awareness about the problem and the various symptoms of mental
illnesses. Recognizing them would help teens protect themselves and their loved
ones. In case the methods previously mentioned weren’t successful in treating
their mental illness, teens should be aware that psychological treatments are
available in Lebanon. The patient should consult a doctor specialized in Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry; many are available at the AUBMC website (aubmc.org) and reserving
an appointment can be done by dialing the AUBMC hotline +961-1-350000 (AUBMC,
2017).
Mugharbil informs that Embrace
doesn’t tackle technology related mental illnesses and that the NGO has never
dealt with a patient affected by technology (personal interview, 2017).
However, it provides help in Lebanon with the Embrace LifeLine, a suicide
hotline that has been established recently in the country. The aim of this call
center is to prevent suicide in Lebanon, a dangerous outcome of mental
illnesses (Embrace, 2017). As the NGO specifies, the call center is currently
operating from 12 PM until 2am (+961 1 341 941), and is formed of 27 volunteer
helpline operators and supervisors. Since it is equipped with “state of the art
technology” and is connected to the Internal Security Forces, Embrace LifeLine
is a vital source of help and support for people suffering from suicide.
Conclusion
Figure 1
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